Degenerative Myelopathy (DM) is a slow-onset spinal cord disease that affects many breeds of dogs, with German Shepherds being the most commonly affected. It is characterized by the non-painful destruction of the nerve conduction portion of the spinal cord, leading to hind limb weakness and an abnormal gait.
This article will explore the breeds predisposed to DM, the symptoms, causes, and diagnosis, the prognosis and management, as well as how to support a dog with DM.
Overview of Degenerative Myelopathy in Dogs
Degenerative Myelopathy is a progressive, non-painful destruction of the nerve conduction portion of the spinal cord that affects both thoracic and lumbar parts of the spinal cord in dogs. Clinical signs of DM include weakness and abnormal gait in the hind limbs, which may worsen on one side. Paralysis of the hind limbs, breathing difficulties, vocalization issues, and eating problems can occur in severe cases.
German Shepherds are the most commonly affected breed, but other large and small breeds can develop DM as well. Affected dogs are typically middle-aged or older. Diagnosis is made by excluding other spinal cord diseases, and a genetic test is available to check for the presence of the SOD 1 mutation.
Progression of the condition typically occurs within 6-18 months, and regular monitoring and supportive care are important for managing the condition.
Breeds Predisposed to Degenerative Myelopathy
German Shepherds are the most commonly affected breed, with other large breeds such as Labrador Retrievers, Boxers, Bernese Mountain Dogs, Chesapeake Bay Retrievers, Rhodesian Ridgebacks, and Siberian Huskies also predisposed, as well as some smaller breeds like Pembroke Welsh Corgis, Cavalier King Charles Spaniels, Pugs, and Miniature Poodles.
Degenerative Myelopathy (DM) is more likely to affect middle-aged or older dogs, though the exact cause of the condition is unknown. Mutations in the SOD 1 gene are believed to be a factor, yet not all dogs with two mutated genes develop the disease. This suggests other unknown elements may be involved in the development of DM.
Symptoms of this debilitating condition include weakness in the hind limbs, abnormal gait, and eventually paralysis. It is important to recognize the signs of DM and seek veterinary care for affected dogs.
Symptoms of Degenerative Myelopathy in Dogs
Affected dogs may display signs of weakness, abnormal gait, and eventually paralysis. Weakness in the hind limbs is the primary symptom of degenerative myelopathy. Dogs may drag their paws, scuff their toenails, and have abnormal paw placement when walking. Some dogs may knuckle over their paws, cross their hind limbs, or stumble while walking.
As the disease progresses, dogs may experience muscle wasting and problems with fecal and urinary incontinence. Ultimately, paralysis of the hind limbs can occur, which can lead to problems with breathing, vocalizing, and eating.
With regular monitoring and veterinary care, dogs can experience improved comfort and quality of life.
Causes and Diagnosis of Degenerative Myelopathy in Dogs
A genetic component is thought to be involved in the development of Degenerative Myelopathy. A mutated SOD 1 gene can increase a dog’s risk.
Diagnosis of the condition is made by excluding other spinal cord diseases based on exam findings and imaging. Radiographs can evaluate bones, while myelogram, CT, or MRI scans are recommended to examine the spinal cord.
To confirm the diagnosis, a genetic test for the SOD 1 mutation can be done. Alternatively, a biopsy of spinal cord tissue can be performed postmortem.
With an accurate diagnosis, prognosis and management of the condition can be determined. Regular monitoring and veterinary care are essential for managing this slow-onset disease.
Prognosis and Management of Degenerative Myelopathy in Dogs
Progression of the condition generally occurs within 6-18 months from symptom onset. At this stage, quality of life becomes a concern and euthanasia may be considered.
Duration of survival varies between individual dogs. Regular monitoring and veterinary care are essential for managing DM. Pain management is not usually needed, however supportive care can help improve comfort and well-being.
Symptoms involve progressive weakness and loss of coordination, with dogs often experiencing frustration or anxiety due to mobility limitations.
Genetic testing is available to detect the SOD 1 mutation, and advanced imaging such as myelogram, CT, or MRI can be used to evaluate the spinal cord.
Supporting a Dog With Degenerative Myelopathy
Providing care and support for a pet with Degenerative Myelopathy can help keep them comfortable and maintain their quality of life. As the disease progresses, there are steps that can be taken to reduce frustration and anxiety and help the pet adjust to their new lifestyle. Regular veterinary visits are important to monitor the pet’s condition and ensure that medications and treatments are effective. Pain management is not usually a factor with DM, as the condition is non-painful, but controlling any associated pain can improve the pet’s quality of life.
Exercise can help keep the pet’s muscles strong and can even help slow the progression of the disease. A physical therapist can work with the pet on an individualized exercise program to help maintain muscle strength and joint flexibility. Other supportive therapies such as massage, hydrotherapy, acupuncture, and chiropractic care can also be beneficial.
Nutritional supplements may be recommended to help maintain muscle mass and improve the pet’s overall health. A diet that is high in quality proteins and essential fatty acids can help combat muscle wasting. Additionally, keeping the pet’s environment clear of any potential hazards, such as slippery floors, can help reduce the risk of injury.
With the help of supportive care, a pet with Degenerative Myelopathy can live a comfortable and enjoyable life.
